Psychology is a field of science that studies the human behavior and cognition. According
to the original he says, psychology comes from the Ancient Greek:
"ψυχή" (Psyche means soul) and "-λογία" (-logia which means knowledge)
so that in etymology, psychology can be interpreted with the study of
the soul.
History of Psychology1. Psychology as Part of Philosophy and Science Faal
Prior to 1879, psychology considered as part of the philosophy or physiology. At first philosophers of ancient Greece who started thinking about psychiatric symptoms. At that time, there has been no empirical proofs or scientific. They tried to explain psychiatric symptoms through mythology. How such an approach is referred to as a naturalistic approach.
Among the Greek scholar who was naturalistic approach Thales (624-548 BC) is often referred to as the Father of Philosophy. He
believed that the souls and other supernatural things do not exist
because there must be something that can be explained by natural
phenomena (natural phenomenon). He also believes that everything comes from water and because the soul is not possible from the water it deems no soul. Other
figures are Anaximander (611-546 BC) who said that everything comes
from something that is not necessarily, while Anaximenes (6th century
BC) says that everything comes from the air. Figures that is not less important is Empedocles, Hippocrates, and Democritos.
Empedocles (490-430 BC) said that there are four major elements in the universe, the earth / ground, air, fire, and water. Humans
made up of bones, muscles, and intestines which are elements of the
soil; bodily fluids are elements of water, and the ratio of mental
function is an element of fire, while supporters of the elements or
functions of life is air. Based
on the view Empedochles, Hipocrates (460-375 BC), known as the Father
of Medical Sciences, stated that in humans there are four body fluids
that have compatibility with the properties of the four basic elements.
Based on the composition of the fluid in the human body is the human Hipocrates split into four categories, namely:• Sanguine, people who have excess (too much excess) of blood in his body has a temperament cheerleaders.• Melancholic, too many black marrow, moody temperament.• Choleric, too many yellow marrow, and quick-tempered spirit.• Plegmatic, too much mucus and sluggish temperament.
Democritus
(460-370 BC) found around the reality of the world is made up of
particles that can not be further subdivided by Einstein later called
"atoms". Hundreds of years after Democritus principle is still followed by some scholars, such as IP Pavlov and J.B. Watson equally argue that 'atoms' of the soul are reflexes.
Ancient Greek figures mentioned above essentially assume that the soul is one with the body. Soul and body are from the same elements and subject to the same laws (view monoisme). In
addition to the views monoisme, grows also the view of dualism, the
view that separates the soul from the body, the soul is not the same as
the body, and each is subject to regulations or laws separately. Famous figures who believe in a dualism such as: Socrates (469-399 BC), Plato (427-347 BC) and Aristotle (384-322 BC).
Socrates believes that the answer to every man buried on a variety of problems in the real world. The problem is most people do not realize it. Therefore, there needs to be someone else-a sort of midwife-who helped give birth to the 'idea' of the human heart. Socrates developed a method of question and answer to unearth the hidden answers on various issues. With
a question and answer method called "Socratic Method" that will arise
notion called "Maieutics" (pulling out as practiced by midwives). Maieutics was subsequently overthrown by R. In
1943 Rogers became the psychotherapy technique called "Non Directive
Techniques", a technique used by a psychologist or psychotherapist to
explore these issues in the patient so that he is aware of its own
problems-the problem without too directed by psychologists or
psikoterapisnya. Socrates
stressed the importance of the notion of "self" of every human being
that he is the duty of every person to know themselves first if he
wanted to know about things outside himself. The famous motto is "learn the true in humans is to learn about people.
While
Plato, disciple and follower of Socrates and is considered a faithful
adherent of dualism in truth, saying that the world psychiatric contains
ideas that are independent of the experience of everyday life. In adults and intellectuals, they can tell which people and where the agency. However, the children are still mixed soul with the body, can not separate the idea of concrete objects. The soul that contains ideas is called "Psyche". In
addition, Plato also believed that each person has established his
status in the society from birth if he was a philosopher, warrior, or a
worker. He believes that every person is born with its own peculiarities, not to each other. Thus,
in addition regarded as adherents understand Determinism or nativism,
he is revered as the novice from knowledgeable "individual differences."
In subsequent psychological development, understanding individual
differences brings scholars to the discovery of inspection tools
psychology (psychological).
If
Plato regarded as a rationalist who believes that everything comes from
the ideas generated then the ratio of Aristotle (385-322 BC), the
disciple of Plato, believes that everything in the form of psychosis
(form) should occupy any particular form (matter). The form is essentially a statement or expression of the soul. God is the only one without a form, only the form only. Aristotle
is often referred to as the father of Empirical Psychology because he
had everything starts from reality, that matter. Matter was the primary source pengatahuan. The
views and theories of Aristotle's psychology can be seen in his famous
book De Anima, which is really a book about comparative zoology and
biology.
In
the book he says that every object in the world has the urge to grow
and become something that is in accordance with the objectives contained
in the object itself. Aristotle further distinguishes between hule and morphe. Hule (Noes Photeticos) was "formed". while morphe (Noes Poeticos) is "a form". Objects in nature do not grow and develop just like that, but being or be developed into something. Before it materialized in the form of possible objects. Furthermore,
Aristotle distinguishes three kinds of forms, namely: Plant, which
controls vegetative functions; Animal, can be seen in functions such as
remembering, hoping, and perception; Rational, which allows humans
malakukan reasoning (reasoning) and form-concept konsp . Specifically in humans, the urge to grow this form of encouragement to realize the self (self-realization) called entelechi. According to Aristotle the function of the soul is divided into two, namely the ability to recognize and ability wills. This view is known as "dichotomi".
Centuries after the ancient Greece, Psychology is still a part of philosophy. During
the Renaissance, Francis appeared in Decartes Rene (1596-1650) known
for his theory of "consciousness", while in the United Kingdom emerged
such luminaries as John Locke (1623-1704), George Berkeley (1685-1753),
James Mill ( 1773-1836), and his son John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), all of which are known as figures Asosianisme flow.In
the subsequent development of psychology, the role of a scientist Faal
who is also very interested in psychiatric symptoms can not be ignored. Characters include: C. Bell (1774-1842), F. Magendie (1785-1855), J.P. Muller (1801-1858), P. Broca (1824-1880), and so on. Name a Russian scholar, I.P. Pavlov
(1849-1936), it seems particularly noteworthy because of his theories
about Behaviorism reflex then developed flow, the flow in psychology who
just want to acknowledge the real behavior as the object of study and
other scholars rejected the notion that behavior is also studied not visible from the outside. In addition, the role of a doctor of mixed Anglo-Scottish McDaugall named William (1871-1938) should also be mentioned. He has also inspired the flow of Behaviorism in America with his theories known as the "Purposive Psychology".
While
scholars and science Filasafat Faal trying to explain psychiatric
symptoms purely scientifically, there are also those that are
speculative attempts to explain psychiatric symptoms in terms of
another. Among them are F.J. Gall (1785-1828) who argued that the human spirit can be determined by feeling the skulls. Gall
theory developed from the view of the Faculty of Psychology (Psychology
Faculty) presented a figure of the church named St. Augustine (354-430). According
to Augustine, to explore consciousness through the method of
"self-introspection", in the soul are the parts or faculties
(faculties). Faculty include: memory, imagination, senses, desires, and so on. According
to Gall, as any mental faculty reflected on one particular part of the
skull to determine which parts of the skull that stands out we will know
the mental faculties which are prominent in certain people so that we
can know the state of his soul as well. The theory of Gall is known as Phrenologi. The theory as scientific if it was basically just a scientific quasi (pseudo science). Metote other scientific nature are also apparent among others:Phiognomi
(Science Face / look on his face), palmistri (Science Rajah Hand),
Astrology (Science Astrology) Numerology (Figures Science), and so on.
2. Psychology As Science Stand-Alone
At the end of the 19th century there was a new chapter in the history of psychology. In
1879, Wilhelm Wundt (Germany, 1832-1920) founded the first psychology
laboratory in Leipzig that marks the starting point of psychology as a
science of its own. As figure Experimental Psychology, introduced Wundt Introspection methods used in the experiments. He is known as a prominent adherents of structuralism as he put forward a theory that describes the structure of the soul. Wundt
believed that the soul consists of elements (Elementisme) and there is
the most important mechanism in the soul that connects the mental
elements of each other to form a structure called a complete psychiatric
association. Therefore, Wundt also considered Asosianisme figure.Edward Bradford Titchener (1867-1927) tried to spread the teachings of Wundt to America. However,
the famous American practical and pragmatic about this on the theory
that Wundt considered too abstract and less directly applicable in
reality. They
later formed its own school called Functionalism with characters such
as: William James (1842-1910) and James Mc Keen Cattel (1866-1944). This flow prefers life functions of the studied structure. The discovery of psychological evaluation techniques (now PsikoTest) by Cattel is proof of how pragmatic the American people.
Although he emphasizes pragmatism, but the flow Functionalism is still too abstract to a class of American scholars. They want to learn Psychology only things that truly objective only. They just want to acknowledge the real behavior (can be seen and measured) as the object of Psychology (Behaviorism). Forerunner was John Broades Watson (1878-1958) who later developed by Edward Chase Tolman (1886-1959) and BF Skinner (1904).
In addition to the U.S., in Germany alone Wundt's teachings began to receive criticism and corrections. One
was from Oswald Kulpe (1862-1915), one of his students who are not
happy with the teaching of Wundt and later established himself in
Wurzburg flow. Wurzburg flow Wundt rejected the notion that thinking is always an image (image in the mind). Kulpe
found, at a higher level of thinking what people think it is no longer
the image, but there are thoughts unimaginable (imageless thought).
In Europe, the reaction appears also to Wundt Gestalt of flow. Gestalt
reject the flow elementisme Wundt and argued that psychiatric symptoms
(especially perception, the much studied this flow) should be seen as an
integrated whole (a gestalt) that is not divided into parts. Among
the characters are Max Wertheimer (1880-1943), Kurt Koffka (1886-1941),
Wolfgang Kohler (1887-1967). At Leipzig, in 1924 introduced the term
Ganzheit Krueger (derived from the word meaning da ganze overall). Although
the term Ganzheit still considered equal in terms of Gestalt and the
flow is often not recognized as a separate stream, but according to his
character, Krueger, Ganzheit not the same as an outgrowth of Gestalt and
Gestalt psychology. He
argued that Gestalt psychology is too focused to object perception
problem, but the most important is a thorough appreciation of space and
time, not just perception or totality of objects only.
Further development of Gestalt psychology is the emergence of "Field Theory (Field Theory)" from Kurt Lewin (1890-1947). Lewin initially attracted to schools of Gestalt, but then he mengeritiknya because it was considered inadequate. However,
thanks to Lerwin, as a further development in the United States born
flow "Cognitive Psychology" which is a blend of Behaviorism flow that
the 1940's are already in the U.S. with Gestalt flow carried by Lewin. Cognitive psychology focuses flow very central processes (such as attitudes, ideas, and expectations) in achieving behavior. In
particular, the things that happen in the realm of consciousness
(cognition) were studied by flow is so great influence, especially in
the study of relationships between humans (Social Psychology). Among the characters are F. Heider and L. Fertinger.
Finally,
the birth of the flow of Psychoanalysis great influence in the
development of psychology until now, need special attention. Although
the role of some mental doctor (psychiatrist), as Jean Martin Charcot
(1825-1893) and Pierre Janet 1859-1947) is no less important in growing
the genre, but the one Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) is considered as the
main character Psychoanalysis childbirth. Since
Psychoanalysis is not only trying to explain everything that looks from
the outside, but a special effort to explain what is going on inside or
beneath human consciousness, then Psychoanalysis also known as
"Psychology In (Depth Pshology)".
Methodology PsychologySome methodologies in psychology, including the following:Experimental 1.MetodologiHow this is done usually in the laboratory by conducting various experiments. Researchers have full control over the course of an experiment. That will determine what to do something that would be examined, when to study, how often do the research, and so on. In the experimental method, the nature of subjectivity from the method of introspection will be overcome. In the method of self-introspection purely a research object. But the number of subjects many experimental introspection, that people - people who dieksperimentasi it. With a wide number of subjects or the results obtained will be more objective.
Scientific 2.ObservasiOn scientific observations, a case in situations not caused deliberately. But the scientific process and spontaneously. Observations
of this nature can be applied to the behavior of others, such as: the
behavior of the people who were in a department store, the behavior of
motorists on the highway, the behavior of children at play, the behavior
of people in natural disasters, and so on .
3.Sejarah Life (method biography)The
history of one's life can be an important source of data to learn more
about "soul" is concerned, for example, from a story his mother, a child
who is not a grade may not be known that he was not good but his
interest in music since childhood was that she was not serious enough to
enrolled in school. In this method, the outlines of keadaaa, attitudes - attitudes or other characteristics of the person concerned. In addition to having the advantage of this method also has a drawback, which is not uncommon these methods are subjective.
4.WawancaraThe interview is questioning the examiner and the person being examined. In
order for man checked his heart could find itself, his views, his
opinion and others in such a way that the person interviewing can dig up
all the information that dibutuhkan.Baik questionnaires or interviews
they both have in common, but differ in the way they are presented. Advantages compared with the interview questionnaire are:
-In the interview if there is something less obvious, it can be clarified-Interviwer (requester) can adapt to the mood interviwee (respondents were asked)-There
is a direct interaction in the form of face-to facesehingga expected to
foster good relationships when the interviews were conducted.
5.AngketQuestionnaire an interview in written form. All
questions have been compiled in writing in the pages of the question,
and the interviewee simply read the questions and answer them in writing
as well. The answers will be analyzed to find out the things investigated.
6.Pemeriksaan PsychologyIn
the language of popular psychology examination is also called
psychological method is to use certain tools psikodiagnostik that can
only be used by experts who actually trained. tools
that can be used to reverse current measure and to determine a person's
level of intelligence, the direction of a person's interest, the
attitude of a person, a person of personality structure, etc. of the
person who checked it.
7.Metode Analysis WorkDone by analyzing the work of such images - pictures, diaries or essays that have been made. This is because the work can be regarded as the originator of the state of one's soul.
8.Metode StatisticsCommonly used by collecting the data or material in research and conduct analysis of the results; has been obtained.
Study of PsychologyPsychology
is a broad and ambitious science, supplemented by biology and
neuroscience at the border with the natural sciences and supplemented by
the sociology and anthropology at the border with the social sciences. Several studies psychology are:1. Developmental psychologyIs
the field of study of psychology that studies human development and the
factors that shape a person's behavior from birth to advanced age. Psychological
development is closely related to social psychology, as most
development occurs in the context of social interaction. And
is also closely related to the psychology of personality, because the
development of individuals can form a distinctive personality of the
individual
2. Social PsychologyThis field has three scopes, namely:study of social influences on the individual, such as: the study of perception, learning motivation, attribution (nature)study of individual processes together, such as language, social attitudes, behaviors and imitate othersstudy of group interaction, such as leadership, communication, power relations, cooperation within the group, and competition.
3. Psychology of personalityIs
the field of study of psychology that studies human behavior in
adjusting to the environment, is closely related to personality
psychology and social psychology, developmental psychology, because
personality is the result of the development of the individual as a
child and how the individual in social interaction with their
environment.
4. Cognitive PsychologyIs
the field of study of psychology that studies the ability of cognition,
such as perception, learning, memory skills, attention, language skills
and emotion.
Sources:http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikologihttp://sandri09a.blogspot.com/2012/10/sejarah-perkembangan-psikologi.html
